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GLOSSARY.DOC
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GLOSSARY
Figures of Speech
FIGURE OF SPEECH. An expression in which words are used in
an unusual or nonliteral way to achieve an effect beyond
common speech.
HYPERBOLE. From Greek, HYPERBOLE, "above" + BOLE,"to throw."
A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for
emphasis or effect, not meant to be taken literally.
E.g.: I could sleep for a year.
IRONY. From Greek, EIRONEIA, derived from EIRON, "dissembler
in speech." The humorous or sarcastic use of words to
express something directly opposite of their unusual
meaning.
LITOTES. From Greek, LITOTES, "smooth, simple, plain." A
figure of speech in which a thought is expressed by a
negation of the contrary. E.g.: "Not a few" = many.
METAPHOR. From Greek, META, "with" or "after" + PHORA, "to
carry." A figure of speech in which a word is used to
designate another. E.g.: "a sea of troubles" or "All
the world's a stage."
METONYMY. From Greek, METONYMIA, META, "with" + ONYMA,
"name." A figure of speech in which one name is
substituted for another name with which it is closely
associated. E.g.: the use of "Washington" for the
federal government.
PERSONIFICATION. A figure of speech in which a thing,
quality or idea is represented by a person.
PROSOPOPOEIA. A figure of speech in which an absent, dead
or imaginary person is represented as speaking.
SIMILE. A figure of speech in which one thing is compared to
another dissimilar thing. It is usually introduced by
like or as. E.g.: She had a heart as big as a barn.
SYNECDOCHE. From Greek, SYN, "with" + EKDECHESTHAI, "to
receive." A figure of speech in which a part is used for
the whole, or the whole is used for a part. E.g.: "Give
us this day our daily bread." (bread for food).
TROPE. From Greek, TROPOS, "a turning". The figurative use of
a word, a figure of speech.
Interpretation
LITERAL. A method of interpretation based on the ordinary
meaning of words or events. Not based on figurative
or symbolic meaning.
SYMBOLIC. From Greek, SYN, "together" + BOLE, "to throw."
A method of interpretation whereby literal words or
events are seen as teaching a higher truth.
Stories
ALLEGORY. From Greek ALLEGORIA, ALLOS, "other" + AGOREUEIN"
to speak in assembly," hence, a teaching story in which
people, places, things and events represent a greater
reality. E.g.: John Bunyan's PILGRIM'S PROGRESS.
FABLE. A usually short fictitious story of imaginary beings,
animals or legendary people doing exploits and meant to
teach a moral lesson.
MYTH. From Greek, MYTHOS, "speech, story, legend." A story
proporting to be true, invented to explain some earthly
phenomenon.
PARABLE. From Greek, PARABOLE, PARA, "beside" + BALO, "to
throw." A short teaching story that has one moral or
spiritual lesson. The spiritual lesson is encrypted or
hidden from those, who in their development, are not
ready for that particular truth. It is also hidden from
truth-rejectors.
General
AUTOSOTERIC. From Greek, AUTO, "self" + SOTERIA, "salvation."
A religious belief of personal salvation by good works.
CONSCIENCE. That part of the human spirit that punishes us
when we do wrong, and rewards us when we do right. The
conscience also tells us what is right or wrong and
prompts us to do the right thing. It corresponds to
the superego in psychology. For a more thorough treat-
of the conscience, see the chapter on "Conscience" in
my shareware book, HOW TO RAISE YOUR SELF ESTEEM:
PROVEN BIBLICAL PRINCIPLES.
CONSCIOUS. That area of the mind by which we are immediately
aware. The mind can be divided into three areas: the
CONSCIOUS, the PRECONSCIOUS, and the UNCONSCIOUS. The
SUBCONSCIOUS is a collective term for the preconscious
and and the unconscious.
EPISTEMOLOGY. The branch of philosophy that seeks to define
truth and discover the nature of knowledge.
HOUR. The Jews, Greeks and Romans divided both the night
into twelve equal parts and the day into twelve equal
parts. The length of the day was measured from sunrise
to sunset and varied from a little less than 10 of our
hours to more than 14 of our hours. Their hours could
vary 22 of our minutes. The first hour was about 6:00
a.m. The third hour was about 9:00 a.m. The sixth
hour was about noon. The ninth hour was about 3:00 p.m.
The eleventh hour was about 5:00 p.m.
MARKETPLACE. From Greek, AGORA, The central meeting place in
a city where children played, people bought and sold,
and philosophers disputed.
HOUSEHOLDER. From Greek, OIKOS, "House" + DESPOTES,
"master." Owner of an estate.
PENNY. DENARIUS, a Roman silver coin worth about 20 cents,
but with more buying power then, equal to about a day's
wages.
PRECONSCIOUS. That part of the mind from which we may recall
information at will. When one takes an academic test,
information stored in the memory comes from this part of
the mind.
PROVERB. A concise saying that expresses a truth or a common
experience.
SECTS, JEWISH. There were three chief Jewish sects at the
time of Christ: The Essenes, the Pharisees and the
Sadducees.
ESSENES. A monastic movement of men who lived
ascetic lives. Most were celibates. They promised
"to honor God, to be righteous toward man, to
injure no one ... to hate evil, to promote good, to
be faithful to everyone, especially those in
authority, to love the truth, to unmask liars, and
to keep the hand from theft and the conscience from
unrighteous gain."
PHARISEES. A conservative group who believed in
the resurrection, in the existence of angels, in
the supernatural, and in the Word of God. However,
many were legalistic, and hypocritical. They added
to the Word of God, and many rejected Jesus as the
Messiah.
SADDUCEES. A liberal group who accepted Greek
influence and were allied with Rome. They denied
the resurrection, the existence of angels, and the
supernatural. They accepted the Jewish Scriptures
alone, but believed in "private interpretation."
[John D. Davis, A DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE, 4th ed.
(Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1969), s.v.,
ESSENES, s.v., PHARISEES, s.v., SADDUCEES].
SUBCONSCIOUS. See "CONCSIOUS" above.
TALENT. In Old Testament times, the talent was a weight of
gold or silver. The Jewish talent contained 3,000
shekels of the sanctuary (about 114 pounds weight). In
New Testament times, the Roman-Attic talent was
equivalent to 6,000 denarii or drachms. (Vine, VINE'S
EXPOSITORY DICTIONARY OF NEW TESTAMENT WORDS, S.V.,
"Talent."
TRANSLITERATION. Writing a word of a language in the alphabet
of another in corresponding letters or according to
sound.
TYPE. A symbol or representation of the reality to be
manifested in the future. Much of the Old Covenant is
a type of the New Covenant.
UNCONSCIOUS. The vast storage area of the mind that contains
information that cannot be recalled at will, but yet
contains information and emotional experiences that pro-
foundly affect our lives.
END